不同载畜率下短花针茅草原土壤水分空间异质性的分析

以短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原为研究对象,采用经典统计学和地统计学的方法对不同载畜率样地(不放牧、轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧)的土壤水分进行描述性统计、半变异函数及空间插值分析,旨在研究载畜率对荒漠草原土壤水分空间异质性的影响。结果表明,01)各处理的土壤含水量均随载畜率的增大而逐渐升高,各处理的变异系数(CV)在7.29%~9.79%,均呈弱变异性。2)半变异函数分析显示各处理的土壤水分含量均呈指数模型,不放牧的结构比为74.4%,属于中等程度变异。轻度、中度、重度放牧处理的结构比分别为94.4%、91.2%和96.0%,具有强烈的空间自相关性;3)利用克里格插值法对各样地的未知采样点进行插值分析,发现重度放牧处理土壤水分的空间变异程度最大,不放牧处理土壤水分的空间变异程度最低。所以,载畜率对土壤水分的空间分布有明显的影响。     

放牧强度对高寒草甸群落碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响

植被生态化学计量特征是高寒草甸生态系统稳定性的基础,但其对放牧管理的响应仍不清楚。为此,以2011年在青海海北高寒矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸建立的不同放牧强度试验地为研究对象,于2014年植物生长季的5月-9月,通过测定禁牧(对照,CK)、轻度放牧(light grazing,LG)、中度放牧(moderate grazing,MG)和重度放牧(heavy grazing,HG)样地的地上植被生产力和植被群落结构及群落叶片碳(carbon,C)、氮(nitrogen,N)、磷(phosphorus,P)含量,研究放牧强度对高寒草甸群落生态化学计量的影响。结果表明,MG能显著提高地上生物量和优良牧草禾草类植物的生物量比例,C含量的变异均在MG处理下最大,此结果支持了中度干扰理论;重牧能显著提高群落叶片的N含量(P0.05);放牧管理对叶片P含量的影响无明显规律;禁牧有利于系统N和P的周转。本研究结果显示,适度的放牧强度有利于高寒草甸生产力的提高,而禁牧可能通过改变群落优势种增强系统的N、P循环强度。     

封育年限对伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤有机氮组分的影响

为探究荒漠土壤有机氮组分对封育年限的响应规律,研究了不同封育年限(封育时间为0、1、4和11a)对中度退化伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)荒漠草地土壤全氮(total nitrogen,TN)、轻组氮(light fraction organic nitrogen,LFON)、颗粒氮(particulate organic nitrogen,PON)、微生物量氮(soil microbial biomass nitrogen,SMBN)及其分配比例的影响。结果表明,与封育0a相比,其它封育年限5-10、10-20、30-50cm土层的TN含量均显著降低(P0.05),且0-50cm土层TN含量随封育年限延长呈"降-升"趋势;封育11a,0-5cm土层PON含量达到最高,而封育4a,5-10和20-30cm土层PON分配比例显著增加;0-20cm土层LFON含量增加显著,且0-5cm土层含量最高。0-50cm土层SMBN随封育年限增加呈"降-升"趋势,而封育4a,5-10和20-30cm土层SMBN分配比例显著高于封育0a和封育1a(P0.05);0-10cm土层LFON和0-50cm土层LFONR与封育年限呈显著正相关。总之,短期封育(1~11a)下,中度退化伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤全氮含量仍未得到恢复,但促进了LFON、PON、SMBN及其分配比例的增加。     

黄土区封育和放牧草地物种多样性和地上生物量对氮素添加的响应

氮素添加对草地生态系统地上生物量具有普遍促进作用,但对解释引起物种多样性丧失的机制仍存在较大争议。本研究以黄土高原半干旱区长期封育和连续放牧草地为对象,通过设置不同氮素添加水平来探索两种典型的草地管理方式下群落地上生物量、物种多样性、群落组分结构对氮素添加的响应及其异同以及物种多样性与地上生物量的关系,并研究这些响应的潜在生态学机制。结果显示,1)氮素添加显著提高长期封育草地地上生物量的同时降低了物种多样性;放牧草地群落地上生物量、物种多样性对氮素添加的响应与封育草地相同,但其响应程度均小于封育施肥草地;2)草地群落物种多样性随地表凋落物生物量增加而降低,随植被透光率增加而升高; 3)封育施肥草地Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与地上生物量存在显著线性负相关关系,而放牧施肥草地的物种多样性与地上生物量不存在显著的相关关系。以上结果表明放牧能够减缓施肥对物种多样性的负效应,在轻微降低物种多样性的前提下显著提高群落地上生物量,是一种合理的草地管理方式。     

冬春季暖棚舍饲对母羊体重损失及产羔性能的影响

研究冬春季暖棚舍饲对母羊体重损失及产羔性能的影响。试验分别于2011、2012和2013年冬春季在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟太仆寺旗进行,在当地选用2户临近牧户,每户挑选120只母羊,随机分为2组,分别为传统棚+放牧组(TS,对照)、改造暖棚+舍饲组(WS)。参试母羊夏秋季白天自由放牧,晚上归牧后圈在传统棚内;到冬春季TS组饲养方式不变,WS组舍饲在简易改造暖棚。整个试验期间,2组母羊及其羔羊的补饲饲料组成及饲喂量相同。试验结果表明,WS组母羊体重较TS组高1.6 kg(P=0.004),体重损失较之少22 g/d(P=0.005);母羊体重损失在12-1月份最严重,但经第一年(2011)饲养损失程度显著缓解(P<0.001),体重损失随棚圈积温升高而减少。TS组的年均产羔数、羔羊体重及其日增重均显著低于WS组(P=0.020;P=0.0005;P=0.0001),初生重及日增重随着饲养年份的延后而增加(P<0.001);产羔率、羔羊存活率和双羔率随棚圈积温的升高而增大。以上结果表明,冬春季暖棚舍饲可显著减少母羊越冬体重损失,并提高产羔力,进而提高家庭牧场收入,保护退化草场。更重要的是,冷季舍饲有助于改变牧民的传统养殖观念,从“生存观”转向“生产观”。建议,西北牧区冷季绵羊圈舍适宜积温应高于-40 ℃·d或基本温度高于2 ℃。     

祁连山北坡3个季节性牧场夏季的土壤呼吸

以祁连山北坡高寒灌丛化草甸和高寒草原为对象,测定比较夏季、冬季和春秋季牧场的夏季土壤呼吸特征及与其影响因素之间的关系,为牧场碳汇管理提供依据。以高山灌丛化草甸为主的夏季牧场日均土壤呼吸速率(Rs)为0.26μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),以高寒草原为主的冬季和春秋季牧场日均Rs分别为0.24和0.19μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)。随放牧增强,冬季牧场Rs减小,春秋季和夏季牧场Rs增加。冬季牧场Rs与土壤含水量(soil mosture,SM)显著正相关(P0.05),Rs与放牧率(stocking rate,SR)和土壤温度(soil temperature,Ts)显著负相关(P0.05);春秋季牧场Rs与SR、光合有效辐射(photosynthetically awailable radiation,PAR)、Ts显著正相关(P0.05);春秋季牧场Rs与SM和群落盖度(community coverage,C)显著负相关(P0.05)。结构模型方程表明,冬季牧场放牧率通过Ts对Rs的负向间接作用最强,SM对Rs正向的直接作用次之;春秋季牧场群落盖度对Rs负向直接作用最大,放牧率对Rs正向的直接作用次之。冬季牧场Rs可分别由Rs=0.436-0.012Ts+0.018SM(R2=0.911,P=0.038)和Rs=0.707+0.002SR-0.02Ts(R2=0.775,P=0.037)估测;春秋季牧场可由Rs=-0.239+0.003PAR-0.001C(R2=0.979,P=0.004)估测。     

油菜钵苗移栽机栽植机构参数匹配与轨迹分析

针对油菜钵苗移栽机的结构参数对栽植稳定性的影响及拖拉机田间作业时部分工作参数受载波动影响栽植性能等问题,采用ADAMS建立参数化模型,开展栽植机构结构参数(栽植臂、从动栽植臂、连杆)及作业参数匹配研究和轨迹分析,确定机组前进速度v(m/s)与栽植频率f(株/min)的匹配范围。结果表明:当栽植臂长度为300mm、从动栽植臂长度为305mm、连杆长度为95mm时,栽植轨迹高度为225mm,其中连杆长度对栽植性能有较大影响;在理论可行范围内,当f/v比值为200时,栽植轨迹达到最优,且随机组的前进速度增加,对应的可行栽植频率范围呈线性关系随之增大,栽植机构可适应株距范围为240~375mm。同时,应用高速摄像在线观察得出,栽植机构实际运动轨迹与理论分析基本吻合。田间试验表明:穴深合格率为90.7%,变异系数为7.1%,穴口长度合格率为84%,变异系数为6.6%,满足栽植要求。     

高寒草甸表层土壤物理性状对短期放牧的响应

为探讨不同放牧强度对高寒草甸土壤物理性状的影响,设重度放牧(HG)、中度放牧(MG)和轻度放牧(LG)3个放牧强度样地,调查放牧样地表层土壤(0~10cm)的土壤容重、孔隙度、土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、有效含水量并土壤持水和入渗性能。结果表明,LG和MG的初始含水量、毛管持水量与非毛管持水量均显著高于HG,LG的土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量均显著高于HG,但3个放牧强度间土壤容重、孔隙性状、土壤有效含水量和非毛管持水量均无显著变化;入渗曲线高低为LGMGHG,用模型模拟曲线,拟合精度为Horton模型通用经验模型Philip模型Kastiakov模型;初始入渗率、平均入渗率、稳定入渗率和90min入渗总量均表现为LG显著高于HG;土壤入渗性能均与土壤初始含水量、总孔隙度、非毛孔隙度、通气孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量、有效含水量、非毛管持水量、毛管持水量、最大持水量显著正相关,与土壤容重显著负相关,与毛管孔隙度相关性不显著,但初始入渗率与初始含水量、田间持水量、有效含水量及毛管持水量无显著相关性。回归分析表明,土壤通气孔隙度和有效含水量是影响入渗率的限制因子。短期轻度放牧有利于土壤持水和导水,降低土壤物理结构退化风险;Horton模型适用于该区放牧草地入渗过程的模拟。     

Effect of increased feeding of dietary α‐linolenic acid by grazing on formation of the cis9,trans11–18:2 isoform of conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk

Feeding systems such as grazing affect the fatty acid profile of bovine milk fat. In addition, milk fat is formed as the product of fatty acid metabolism in cow bodies before being secreted into milk. However, how grazing influences milk fatty acid profile through the metabolism has not been completely characterized. When fatty acid concentrations in Holstein milk were compared between grazing and non‐grazing periods, α‐linolenic acid was significantly higher in the grazing period than in the non‐grazing period. This could be explained with an increase in α‐linolenic acid feeding with grazing. α‐linolenic acid had a linear positive correlation with conjugated linoleic acid (9c,11t‐18:2) (CLA) and vaccenic acid (VA) during the grazing period, whereas CLA had higher correlation with linoleic acid rather than with α‐linolenic acid during the non‐grazing period. These data indicate that the high content of dietary α‐linolenic acid affects CLA and VA formation in milk of grazing periods via α‐linolenic acid metabolism into VA.     

Spatial occupancy patterns and activity of arid rangeland cattle grazing small riparian pastures

The spatial occupancy patterns and activity of cattle grazing three riparian pastures was investigated in northeastern Oregon using Global Positioning System (GPS) collars logging at 1‐sec intervals. Cattle consistently selected plant communities as grazing areas that had forage in sufficient volume to meet their requirements and favored communities as resting areas that were dry and open. Cattle were stationary for more than 50% of the time in each pasture and consistently rested between dark and 04:00 hours. Interaction with stream channels was found to be 1‐2% of total occupancy time and occurred on less than 10% of channel length. Cattle were indifferent or avoided channel areas relative to their area and, when in this zone, they spent most of their time moving not resting. Cattle did not prefer the stream bank zone and spent only 2% of their time in that zone. When occupied, the stream bank zone was used as a travel corridor to gain access to water or cross the channel to access other pasture areas. These results are in contrast with the general belief that cattle are a primary occupant of the stream bank/channel area; additional research is needed to define factors influencing cattle occupancy.